SS-31 (Elamipretide / MTP-131)
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small peptide that enters the mitochondria, the cell's "power plants," and strengthens their inner membranes. It is studied for restoring energy production in cells, including in heart and muscle diseases.
D-Arg-2'6'-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH₂ — 4 aa, D-amino acids, amidated C-terminus. ~639 Da.
Mitochondrial regeneration via cardiolipin. 3 level A RCTs: ↑exercise tolerance in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy; ↑systolic function in chronic heart failure; ↓ischemic injury during reperfusion. Phase III in primary mitochondrial myopathy.
Crosses the mitochondrial membrane → binds to cardiolipin → restores cristae structure → ↑ATP synthesis +30-40% → ↓ROS. Unique feature: not a direct antioxidant, but a structural membrane stabilizer.
Studies used 5 mg a day SC for a course of 5–10 days; repeat courses twice a year.
Level A Human clinical trials. There are randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or the compound has been approved by a regulatory agency. The most reliable level.
Phase III is ongoing. Requires a cold chain. An expensive peptide.
Research peptides are laboratory reagents (Research Use Only). They are not medicines and are not intended for use in humans or animals.